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Showing posts with label lifestyle : job. Show all posts
Showing posts with label lifestyle : job. Show all posts


Rahasia Tersembunyi Metode Mencari Uang 

di Internet Akhirnya Diungkap...

Jika Anda Bisa Mengetik dan Mengakses Internet, Anda Sudah Memiliki Syarat yang Cukup untuk Menghasilkan Uang Melimpah dari Internet... Hanya Jika Anda Tahu Caranya!

Saudara pencari income melimpah di internet...

Apakah anda sudah bekerja keras membanting tulang, mencari uang kesana kemari, namun hasil yang didapat belum juga memuaskan?

Apakah waktu sisa yang anda miliki terlalu sedikit untuk keluarga hanya karena terikat dengan pekerjaan rutin yang melelahkan dan membosankan? Anda stress setiap hari, tertekan karena intimidasi bos anda, berangkat kerja di pagi hari dan kembali di rumah penuh dengan rasa lelah di malam hari... dan besok anda akan ulangi lagi rutinitas ini.

Apakah seperti ini hidup anda?

Jika jawaban anda adalah "YA", maka teruslah membaca!

Saya akan tunjukkan bagaimana mengubah kondisi 
finansial anda dengan cara sederhana, yang tidak pernah anda bayangkan sebelumnya!

Setelah anda membaca informasi ini, anda akan temukan RAHASIA meraih INCOME MELIMPAH... dari internet!

 
dari bisnis sederhana yang dijalankan di depan komputer,
 
dimulai dengan modal kecil untuk menjalankannya,
 
hanya dengan bekerja 2 jam sehari, tidak perlu lama-lama,
 
tanpa perlu meninggalkan anak dan istri tercinta,
 
dan bisnis berjalan secara otomatis!

Menyenangkan bukan jika kita bisa mencapai itu semua?
Jadi, baca terus!

klik disini:



atau ini:



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by: Jason Kay

Whether you are planning to start a brand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success.

Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan.

What to Include in Your Business Plan

Your business plan needs to demonstrate that you have thoroughly considered all aspects of running your business. To that end, the standard business plan has nine major sections, covering everything from your business’s mission statement to a detailed financial analysis.

Executive Summary

The first – and most important – section of your business plan is the executive summary. This section is so important that it should literally be the first thing the reader sees – even before the table of contents! However, it should also be written last, as you’ll have a better understanding of the overall message of your business plan after you’ve researched and written the other sections.

One of the most important parts of the executive summary is the mission statement. The mission statement is only three or four sentences long, but it should pack the most punch out of everything else in your business plan: Those four sentences are responsible for not only defining your business, but also capturing the interest of your reader.

The rest of your executive summary should fill in the important details that the mission statement glosses over. For instance, your executive summary should include a short history of the business, including founder profiles and start date; a current snapshot, listing locations, numbers of employees, and products or services offered; and a summary of future plans and goals.

This section is a candidate for a bulleted format, which allows you to list main points in a manner that is easy to scan. Avoid using too much detail – remember, this section is a summary. A page or two is usually sufficient for an executive summary.

Market Analysis

The next section of your business plan focuses on market analysis. In order to show that your business has a reasonable chance for success, you will need to thoroughly research the industry and the market you intend to sell to. No bank or investor is going to back a doomed venture, so this section is sure to fall under especially close scrutiny if you are looking for financing.

Your market analysis should describe your industry, including the size, growth rate, and trends that could affect the industry. This section should also describe your target market – that is, the type or group of customers that your company intends to serve. The description of your target market should include detail such as:

• Distinguishing characteristics
• The needs your company or product line will meet
• What media and/or marketing methods you’ll use to reach them
• What percentage of your target market you expect to be able to wrest away from your competitors

In addition, your market analysis should include the results of any market tests you have done, and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors.

Company Description

After your market analysis, your business plan will need to include a description of your company. This section should describe:

• The nature of your business
• The needs of the market
• How your business will meet these needs
• Your target market, including specific individuals and/or organizations
• The factors that set you apart from your competition and make you likely to succeed

Although some of these things overlap with the previous section, they are still necessary parts of your company description. Each section of your business plan should have the ability to stand on its own if need be. In other words, the company description should thoroughly describe your company, even if certain aspects are covered in other sections.

Organization and Management

Once you have described the nature and purpose of your company, you will need to explain your staff setup. This section should include:

• The division of labor – how company processes are divided among the staff
• The management hierarchy
• Profiles of the company’s owner(s), management personnel, and the Board of Directors
• Employee incentives, such as salary, benefits packages, and bonuses

This goal of this section is to demonstrate not only good organization within the company, but also the ability to create loyalty in your employees. Long-term employees minimize human resource costs and increase a business’s chances for success, so banks and investors will want to see that you have an effective system in place for maintaining your staff.

Marketing and Sales Management

The purpose of the marketing and sales section of your business plan is to outline your strategies for marketing your products or services. This section also plans for company growth by describing how the growth could take place.

The section should describe your company’s:

• Marketing methods
• Distributions methods
• Type of sales force
• Sales activities
• Growth strategies

Product or Services

Following the marketing section of your business plan, you will need a section focusing on the product or services your business offers. This is more than a simple description of your product or services, though. You will also need to include:

• The specific benefits your product or service offers customers
• The specific needs of the market, and how your product will meet them
• The advantages your product has over your competitors
• Any copyright, trade secret, or patent information pertaining to your product
• Where any new products or services are in the research and development process
• Current industry research that you could use in the development of products and services

Funding Request

Only once you have described your business from head to toe are you ready to detail your funding needs. This section should include everything a bank or investor needs in order to understand what type of funding you want:

• How much money you need now
• How much money you think you will need over the next five years
• How the money you borrow will be used
• How long you will need funding
• What type of funding you want (i.e. loans, investors, etc.)
• Any other terms you want the funding arrangement to include

Financials

The financials section in your business plan supports your request for outside funding. This section provides an analysis of your company’s prospective financial success. The section also details your company’s financial track record for the past three to five years, unless you are seeking financing for a startup business.

The financials section should include:

• Company income statements for prior years
• Balance sheets for prior years
• Cash flow statements for prior years
• Forecasted company income statements
• Forecasted balance sheets
• Forecasted cash flow statements
• Projections for the next five years – every month or quarter for the first year, with longer intervals for the remaining years
• Collateral you can use to secure a loan

The financials section is a great place to include visuals such as graphs, particularly if you predict a positive trend in your projected financials. A graph allows the reader to quickly take in this information, and may do a better job of encouraging a bank or investor to finance your business. However, be sure that the amount of financing you are requesting is in keeping with your projected financials – no matter how impressive your projections are, if you are asking for more money than is warranted, no bank or investor will give it to you.

Appendices

The appendix is the final section in your business plan. Essentially, this is where you put all of the information that doesn’t fit in the other eight sections, but that someone – particularly a bank or investor – might need to see.

For instance, the market analysis section of your business plan may list the results of market studies you have done as part of your market research. Rather than listing the details of the studies in that section, where they will appear cumbersome and detract from the flow of your business plan, you can provide this information in an appendix.

Other information that should be relegated to an appendix includes:

• Credit histories for both you and your business
• Letters of reference
• References that have bearing on your company and your product or service, such as magazines or books on the topic
• Company licenses and patents
• Copies of contracts, leases, and other legal documents
• Resumes of your top managers
• Names of business consultants, such as your accountant and attorney

Writing a Successful Business Plan

Despite the quantity of information contained in your business plan, it should be laid out in a format that is easy to read. Just like with any piece of business writing, it is important to craft your business plan with your intended audience in mind – and the bankers, investors, and other busy professionals who will read your business plan almost certainly won’t have time to read a tedious document with long-winded paragraphs and large blocks of text.

Business plans for startup companies and company expansions are typically between twenty to forty pages long, but formatting actually accounts for a lot of this length. A strong business plan uses bullet points throughout to break up long sections and highlight its main points. Visuals such as tables and charts are also used to quickly relay specific information, such as trends in sales and other financial information. These techniques ensure that the reader can skim the business plan quickly and efficiently.

Think of your audience as only having fifteen minutes to spend on each business plan that comes across their desks. In that fifteen minutes, you not only have to relay your most important points, but also convince the reader that your business venture merits a financial investment. Your best bet is a well-researched business plan, with an organized, easy-to-read format and clear, confident prose.


About The Author
Jason Kay is a former professional business plan writer and provides business start up advice. He contributes to business magazines and websites such as http://BudgetBusinessPlans.com, which provides business plan writing services and business plan samples.

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
(Dialihkan dari Bisnis internet)
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Perdagangan elektronik atau e-dagang (bahasa Inggris: Electronic commerce, juga e-commerce) adalah penyebaran, pembelian, penjualan, pemasaran barang dan jasa melalui sistem elektronik seperti internet atau televisi, www, atau jaringan komputer lainnya. E-dagang dapat melibatkan transfer dana elektronik, pertukaran data elektronik, sistem manajemen inventori otomatis, dan sistem pengumpulan data otomatis.

Industri teknologi informasi melihat kegiatan e-dagang ini sebagai aplikasi dan penerapan dari e-bisnis (e-business) yang berkaitan dengan transaksi komersial, seperti: transfer dana secara elektronik, SCM (supply chain management), e-pemasaran (e-marketing), atau pemasaran online (online marketing), pemrosesan transaksi online (online transaction processing), pertukaran data elektronik (electronic data interchange /EDI), dll.

E-dagang atau e-commerce merupakan bagian dari e-business, di mana cakupan e-business lebih luas, tidak hanya sekedar perniagaan tetapi mencakup juga pengkolaborasian mitra bisnis, pelayanan nasabah, lowongan pekerjaan dll. Selain teknologi jaringan www, e-dagang juga memerlukan teknologi basisdata atau pangkalan data (databases), e-surat atau surat elektronik (e-mail), dan bentuk teknologi non komputer yang lain seperti halnya sistem pengiriman barang, dan alat pembayaran untuk e-dagang ini.

E-dagang pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1994 pada saat pertama kali banner-elektronik dipakai untuk tujuan promosi dan periklanan di suatu halaman-web (website). Menurut Riset Forrester, perdagangan elektronik menghasilkan penjualan seharga AS$12,2 milyar pada 2003. Menurut laporan yang lain pada bulan oktober 2006 yang lalu, pendapatan ritel online yang bersifat non-travel di Amerika Serikat diramalkan akan mencapai seperempat trilyun dolar US pada tahun 2011.
Daftar isi
[sembunyikan]

* 1 Sejarah perkembangan
* 2 Faktor kunci sukses dalam e-commerce
* 3 Masalah e-commerce
* 4 Perusahaan terkenal
* 5 Kecocokan barang
* 6 Lihat pula
* 7 Pranala luar
* 8 Referensi

[sunting] Sejarah perkembangan

Istilah "perdagangan elektronik" telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu. Awalnya, perdagangan elektronik berarti pemanfaatan transaksi komersial, seperti penggunaan EDI untuk mengirim dokumen komersial seperti pesanan pembelian atau invoice secara elektronik.

Kemudian dia berkembang menjadi suatu aktivitas yang mempunya istilah yang lebih tepat "perdagangan web" — pembelian barang dan jasa melalui World Wide Web melalui server aman (HTTPS), protokol server khusus yang menggunakan enkripsi untuk merahasiakan data penting pelanggan.

Pada awalnya ketika web mulai terkenal di masyarakat pada 1994, banyak jurnalis memperkirakan bahwa e-commerce akan menjadi sebuah sektor ekonomi baru. Namun, baru sekitar empat tahun kemudian protokol aman seperti HTTPS memasuki tahap matang dan banyak digunakan. Antara 1998 dan 2000 banyak bisnis di AS dan Eropa mengembangkan situs web perdagangan ini.

[sunting] Faktor kunci sukses dalam e-commerce

Dalam banyak kasus, sebuah perusahaan e-commerce bisa bertahan tidak hanya mengandalkan kekuatan produk saja, tapi dengan adanya tim manajemen yang handal, pengiriman yang tepat waktu, pelayanan yang bagus, struktur organisasi bisnis yang baik, jaringan infrastruktur dan keamanan, desain situs web yang bagus, beberapa faktor yang termasuk:

1. Menyediakan harga kompetitif
2. Menyediakan jasa pembelian yang tanggap, cepat, dan ramah.
3. Menyediakan informasi barang dan jasa yang lengkap dan jelas.
4. Menyediakan banyak bonus seperti kupon, penawaran istimewa, dan diskon.
5. Memberikan perhatian khusus seperti usulan pembelian.
6. Menyediakan rasa komunitas untuk berdiskusi, masukan dari pelanggan, dan lain-lain.
7. Mempermudah kegiatan perdagangan

[sunting] Masalah e-commerce

1. Penipuan dengan cara pencurian identitas dan membohongi pelanggan.
2. Hukum yang kurang berkembang dalam bidang e-commerce ini.

[sunting] Perusahaan terkenal

Perusahaan yang terkenal dalam bidang ini antara lain: eBay, Yahoo, Amazon.com, Google, dan Paypal.

[sunting] Kecocokan barang

Ada beberapa barang yang cocok dijual secara elektronik seperti barang elektronik kecil, musik, piranti lunak, fotografi, dll. Barang yang tidak cocok seperti barang yang memiliki rasio harga dan berat yang rendah, barang-barang yang perlu dibaui, dipegang, dicicip, dan lain-lain.

[sunting] Lihat pula

* M-dagang
* L-dagang
* Manajemen
* Pemasaran

[sunting] Pranala luar

* Informasi umum
o CIO's Ebusiness Research Center
o NetAcademy on Electronic Markets

* Berita ecommerce
o Ecommerce Guide
o Ecommerce Best Practices (B2B)
o Ecommerce Times

* Keamanan
o ECommerce Safety - A Quick Overview

* Kewaspadaan dan pendidikan konsumen
o North American Consumer Project on Electronic Commerce (NACPEC)

[sunting] Referensi

* Chaudhury, Abijit & Jean-Pierre Kuilboer (2002), e-Business and e-Commerce Infrastructure, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-247875-6
* Kessler, M. (2003). More shoppers proceed to checkout online. Retrieved January 13, 2004
* Seybold, Pat (2001), Customers.com, Crown Business Books (Random House), ISBN 0-609-60772-3

Kompas/Lucky Pransiska
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* Kecemasan Investor Terus Perburuk Nilai Saham Wall Street
* Saham China Ditutup Turun
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* Saham Asia Anjlok Tajam

Rabu, 8 Oktober 2008 | 11:45 WIB

JAKARTA, RABU - Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) melakukan penghentian sementara perdagangan saham karena penurunan indeks yang terlalu besar, mencapai 10,38 persen. "Ya, perdagangan disuspen," kata Direktur Utama BEI Erry Firmansyah secara singkat, Rabu (8/10).

BEI melakukan suspensi perdagangan pada pukul 11.06 karena Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG) turun tajam sebesar 168,052 poin menjadi 1.451,669 dan indeks LQ45 terkoreksi 38,261 atau 11,86 persen ke posisi 284,236.

Penurunan indeks BEI ini mengikuti bursa global regional yang diakibatkan oleh krisis keuangan AS, apalagi The Fed, bank sentral AS, juga tidak bisa meyakinkan para investor sehingga bursa AS dengan indeks Dow Jones-nya yang melorot 5,11 persen atau 508,38 poin menjadi 9.447,11. Anjloknya bursa AS ini langsung diikuti oleh bursa regional dan termasuk Indonesia yang terkoreksi paling dalam sehingga suspensi diberlakukan oleh otoritas bursa.

Untuk bursa regional yang mengalami penurunan besar, di antaranya bursa Hongkong dengan indeks Hang Seng yang terkoreksi 944,21 poin (5,62 persen) ke 15.854,17, bursa Tokyo dengan indeks Nikkei 225 terpangkas 584,35 poin (5,75 persen) ke 9.571,54, dan indeks Straits Times di bursa Singapura yang anjlok 108,17 poin (4,97 persen) ke 2.069,37.

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Bursa valuta asing (Inggris: foreign exchange market, forex) atau disingkat bursa valas merupakan suatu jenis perdagangan atau transaksi yang memperdagangkan mata uang suatu negara terhadap mata uang negara lainnya (pasangan mata uang/pair) yang melibatkan pasar-pasar uang utama di dunia selama 24 jam secara berkesinambungan.

Pergerakan pasar valuta asing berputar mulai dari pasar Selandia Baru dan Australia yang berlangsung pukul 05.00–14.00 WIB, terus ke pasar Asia yaitu Jepang, Singapura, dan Hongkong yang berlangsung pukul 07.00–16.00 WIB, ke pasar Eropa yaitu Jerman dan Inggris yang berlangsung pukul 13.00–22.00 WIB, sampai ke pasar Amerika Serikat yang berlangsung pukul 20.30–10.30 WIB. Dalam perkembangan sejarahnya, bank sentral milik negara-negara dengan cadangan mata uang asing yang terbesar sekalipun dapat dikalahkan oleh kekuatan pasar valuta asing yang bebas.

Menurut survei BIS (Bank International for Settlement, bank sentral dunia), yang dilakukan pada akhir tahun 2004, nilai transaksi pasar valuta asing mencapai lebih dari USD$1,4 triliun per harinya.

Mengingat tingkat likuiditas dan percepatan pergerakan harga yang tinggi tersebut, valuta asing juga telah menjadi alternatif yang paling populer karena ROI (return on investment atau tingkat pengembalian investasi) serta laba yang akan didapat bisa melebihi rata-rata perdagangan pada umumnya. Akibat pergerakan yang cepat tersebut, maka pasar valuta asing juga memiliki risiko yang tinggi.
Daftar isi
[sembunyikan]

* 1 Kapitalisasi dan likuiditas pasar
* 2 Karakteristik perdagangan valuta asing
* 3 Proses transaksi
* 4 Transaksi dua arah
* 5 Pemain pasar valuta asing
o 5.1 Bank
o 5.2 Dunia usaha
o 5.3 Bank sentral
o 5.4 Perusahaan manajemen investasi
o 5.5 Hedge funds
o 5.6 Pialang valuta asing
* 6 Catatan kaki
* 7 Lihat pula

[sunting] Kapitalisasi dan likuiditas pasar

Pasar valuta asing adalah suatu pasar yang unik karena:

* volume perdagangannya
* likuiditas pasar yang teramat besar
* banyaknya serta variasi dari pedagang di pasar valuta asing
* geografis penyebarannya
* jangka waktu perdagangannya yang 24 jam sehari (kecuali akhir pekan)
* aneka ragam faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai tukar mata uang

Menurut BIS, rata-rata perputaran pasar valuta asing dunia per hari diestimasikan bernilai $3,21 trilliun, yang terbagi atas:

* $1005 milliar di transaksi spot
* $362 milliar di pasar kontrak serah(forward contract)
* $1714 milliar di pasar swap
* $129 milliar diestimasikan sebagai selisih pelaporan

Sebagi tambahan di luar perputaran "tradisional" ini, sebesar $2,1 trilliun diperdagangkan di pasar derivatif.

Kontrak berjangka valuta asing yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1972 pada Chicago Mercantile Exchange tumbuh secara cepat dalam beberapa tahun belakangan ini tetapi volumenya masih hanya sebesar 7% dari total volume perdagangan pasar valuta asing.[1]

Menurut data International Financial Services,London (IFSL), secara keseluruhan perputaran harian pasar tradisional valuta asing rata-rata mencapai total nilai 2,7 billiun US dollar pada April 2006. Estimasi tersebut berdasarkan data tengah tahun dari Komite Bursa Valuta Asing (Foreign Exchange Committee) di London, New York, Tokyo and Singapura [2]

Pada perdagangan valuta asing secara langsung (OTC, pialang dan pedagang melakukan negosiasi secara langsung tanpa melalui bursa atau kliring. Pusat perdagangan terbesar secara geografis berada di London, Inggris, dimana menurut data IFSL diperkirakan telah meningkat kontribusinya dari 31,3% pada April 2004 menjadi 32,4% pada April 2006

[sunting] Karakteristik perdagangan valuta asing

Tidak ada suatu keseragaman dalam pasar valuta asing. Dengan adanya transaksi diluar bursa perdagangan (over the counter)[3] sebagai pasar tradisional dari perdagangan valuta asing, banyak sekali pasar valuta asing yang saling berhubungan satu sama lainnya dimana mata uang yang berbeda diperdagangkan, sehingga secara tidak langsung artinya bahwa "tidak ada kurs tunggal mata uang dollar melainkan kurs yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada bank mana atau pelaku pasar mana yang bertransaksi". Namun dalam prakteknya perbedaan tersebut seringkali sangat tipis.
6 Peringkat Teratas Mata Uang Yang Diperdagangkan Peringkat Mata uang ISO 4217 Kode Simbol
1 United States dollar USD $
2 Eurozone euro EUR €
3 Japanese yen JPY ¥
4 British pound sterling GBP £
5 Swiss franc CHF -
6 Australian dollar AUD $

Pusat perdagangan utama adalah di London, New York, Tokyo dan Singapura namun bank-bank diseluruh dunia menjadi pesertanya. Perdagangan valuta asing terjadi sepanjang hari. Apabila pasar Asia berakhir maka pasar Eropa mulai dibuka dan pada saat pasar Eropa berakhir maka pasar Amerika dimulai dan kembali lagi ke pasar Asia, terkecuali di akhir pekan.

Sangat sedikit atau bahkan tidak ada "perdagangan orang dalam" atau informasi "orang dalam" (Insider trading) [4] yang terjadi dalam pasar valuta asing. Fluktuasi kurs nilai tukar mata uang biasanya disebabkan oleh gejolak aktual moneter sebagaimana juga halnya dengan ekspektasi pasar terhadap gejolak moneter yang disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam pertumbuhan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB/GDP), inflasi, suku bunga, rancangan anggaran dan defisit perdagangan atau surplus perdagangan, pengabungan dan akuisisi dan kondisi makro ekonomi lainnya. Berita utama selalu dipublikasikan untuk umum, sehingga banyak orang dapat mengakses berita tersebut pada saat yang bersamaan. Namun bank yang besar memiliki nilai lebih yang penting yaitu mereka dapat melihat arus pergerakan "pesanan" mata uang dari nasabahnya.

Mata uang diperdagangkan satu sama lainnya dan setiap pasangan mata uang merupakan suatu produk tersendiri seperti misalnya EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD dan lain-lain. Faktor pada salah satu mata uang misalnya USD akan mempengaruhi nilai pasar pada USD/JPY dan GBP/USD, ini adalah merupakan korelasi antara USD/JPY dan GBP/USD.

Pada pasar spot, menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bank for Internasional Settlement (BIS)[5] , produk yang paling sering diperdagangkan adalah

* EUR/USD - 28 %
* USD/JPY - 18 %
* GBP/USD (also called sterling or cable) - 14 %

dan mata uang US dollar "terlibat" dalam 89% dari transaksi yang dilakukan, kemudian diikuti oleh mata uang Euro (37%), Yen (20%) dan Pound Sterling (17%).

Walaupun perdagangan dalam mata uang Euro meningkat secara cepat sejak mata uang tersebut diterbitkan pada January 1999 1999, US dollar masih mendominasi pasar valuta asing. Sebagai contoh misalnya dalam perdagangan antara Euro dan mata uang non Eropa (XXX), biasanya selalu melibatkan dua jenis perdagangan yaitu EUR/USD dan USD/XXX, pengecualiannya hanya pada perdagangan EUR/JPY yang merupakan pasangan mata uang yang secara tetap diperdagangkan di pasar spot antar bank.

[sunting] Proses transaksi

Di bursa valas (valuta asing) ini orang dapat membeli ataupun menjual mata uang yang diperdagangkan. Secara obyektif adalah untuk mendapatkan profit atau keuntungan dari posisi transaksi yang anda lakukan. Di Bursa valas dikenal istilah Lot dan Pip. 1 Lot nilainya adalah $1000 dan 1 pip nilainya adalah $10. Sedangkan nilai dolar di bursa valas berbeda dengan nilai dolar yang kita kenal di bank-bank. Nilai dolar di bursa valas sangat bervariasi, 6000/8000 dan 10.000 rupiah.

[sunting] Transaksi dua arah

Transaksi di valuta asing dapat dilakukan dengan cara dua arah dalam mengambil keuntungannya. Seseorang dapat membeli dahulu (open buy), lalu ditutup dengan menjual (sell) ataupun sebaliknya, melakukan penjualan dahulu, lalu ditutup dengan membeli.

[sunting] Pemain pasar valuta asing
10 Pedagang Valuta Terbesar % dari volume keseluruhan, Mei 2006 Sumber: Survei oleh Euromoney FX [6] Peringkat Nama % dari volume
1 Deutsche Bank 19.26
2 UBS AG 11.86
3 Citigroup 10.39
4 Barclays Capital 6.61
5 Royal Bank of Scotland 6.43
6 Goldman Sachs 5.25
7 HSBC 5.04
8 Bank of America 3.97
9 JPMorgan Chase 3.89
10 Merrill Lynch 3.68

Tidak seperti halnya pada bursa saham dimana para anggota bursa memiliki akses yang sama terhadap harga saham, pasar valuta asing terbagi atas beberapa tingkatan akses.

Pada akses tingkat tertinggi adalah pasar uang antar bank (PUAB) yang terdiri dari perusahaan-perusahaan bank investasi besar.Pada PUAB, selisih antara harga penawaran/harga jual (ask) dan harga permintaan/harga beli (bid) adalah sangat tipis sekali bahkan biasanya tidak ada , dan harga ini hanya berlaku untuk kalangan mereka sendiri yang tidak diketahui oleh pemain valuta asing diluar kelompok mereka.

Pada akses tingkat dibawahnya, rentang selisih antara harga jual dan harga beli menjadi besar tergantung dari volume transaksi.

Apabila seorang trader[7] dapat menjamin terlaksananya transaksi valuta asing dalam jumlah besar maka mereka dapat meminta agar selisih nilai jual dan beli diperkecil yang disebut better spread ( selisih tipis antara harga jual dan beli).

Level akses terhadap pasar valuta asing adalah sangat ditentukan oleh ukuran transaksi valuta yang dilakukan.

Bank-bank peringkat atas menguasai "pasar uang antar bank (PUAB)" hingga 53% dari seluruh nilai transaksi. Dan setelah bank-bank peringkat atas tersebut maka peringkat selanjutnya adalah bank-bank investasi kecil lalu perusahaan-perusahaan multi nasional besar ( yang membutuhkan lindung nilai atas resiko transaksi serta membayar para pegawainya diberbagai negara), hedge fund besar [8], dan juga para pedagang eceran yang menjadi penentu pasar valuta asing.

Menurut Galati dan Melvin [9] , dana pensiun, perusahaan asuransi, reksadana dan investor institusi adalah merupakan pemain yang memiliki peran besar dalam pasar keuangan secara umum dan khususnya pasar valuta asing sejak dekade 2000an.

[sunting] Bank

Pasar uang antar bank (PUAB) memenuhi kebutuhan mayoritas dari perputaran uang di dunia usaha serta kebutuhan dari transaksi para spekulan setiap harinya yang dapat mencapai nilai triliunan dollar. Beberapa transaksi dilaksanakan untuk dan atas nama nasabahnya, tetapi sebagian besar adalah untuk kepentingan pemilik bank ataupun untuk kepentingan bank itu sendiri.

Hingga saat ini, pialang valuta asing adalah merupakan pelaku perputaran valuta dalam jumlah yang besar, memfasilitasi perdagangan PUAB dan mempertemukan penjual dan pembeli untuk "upah"(fee) yang kecil. Namun saat ini banyak bisnis valuta asing ini yang beralih kepada suatu sistem elektronis yang lebih efisien seperti misalnya EBS (sekarang dimiliki oleh ICAP), Reuters Dealing 3000 Matching (D2), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Bloomberg dan TradeBook(R)

[sunting] Dunia usaha

Salah satu pemeran pasar valuta asing ini adalah adanya kebutuhan dari aktivitas perusahaan dalam melakukan pembayaran harga barang ataupun jasa dalam mata valuta asing. Kebutuhan mata valuta asing dari suatu perusahaan seringkali hanya kecil nilainya dibandingkan dengan kebutuhan dari bank dan spekulan dan perdagangan valuta asing yang dilakukannya seringkali hanya membawa dampak yang kecil sekali bagi nilai pasaran kurs mata uang. Meskipun demikian arus perdagangan valuta asing dari perusahaan-perusahaan ini dalam jangka panjangnya merupakan faktor yang penting bagi arah nilai tukar suatu mata uang. Transaksi beberapa perusahaan multinasional dapat membawa akibat yang tidak terduga sewaktu mereka menutup posisi (posisi jual ataupun beli) yang amat besar sekali dimana transaksi ini tidak diketahui secara luas oleh para pemain pasar.

[sunting] Bank sentral

Bank sentral suatu negara memegang peran yang amat penting dalam pasar valuta asing. Bank sentral ini senantiasa berupaya untuk mengendalikan suplai uang, inflasi, dan ataupun suku bunga bahkan seringkali mereka memiliki suatu target baik resmi maupun tidak resmi terhadap nilai tukar mata uang negaranya. Seringkali bank sentral ini menggunakan cadangan devisanya untuk menstabilkan pasar.

Dengan ekspektasi pasar ataupun isu tentang intervensi yang dilakukan oleh bank sentral belaka telah cukup untuk menstabilkan mata kurs uang setempat, tetapi intervensi yang agresif dilakukan beberapa kali dalam setiap tahunnya pada suatu negara yang kurs mata uangnya bergejolak.

Berbagai sumber dana yang ada di pasaran valuta asing apabila disatukan dapat dengan mudah "mempermainkan" bank sentral (menarik atau menjual mata uang dalam jumlah yang sangat besar sekali sehingga bank sentral tidak mampu lagi melakukan intervensi) dimana skenario ini nampak pada tahun 1992-1993 dimana mekanisme nilai tukar Eropa ( European Exchange Rate Mechanism - ERM[10])mengalami kejatuhan serta beberapa kali jatuhnya nilai tukar mata uang di Asia Tenggara.

[sunting] Perusahaan manajemen investasi

Perusahaan manajemen investasi (yang mana biasanya adalah merupakan pengelola banyak sekali akun atas nama nasabahnya seperti misalnya dana pensiun dan dana sumbangan yayasan) yang bertransaksi di pasar valuta asing untuk kebutuhan mata uang asing guna melakukan transaksi pembelian saham di luar negeri. Transaksi valuta asing bagi mereka adalah bukan merupakan tujuan investasi utamanya sehinga transaksi yang dilakukannya bukan dengan tujuan spekulasi ataupun dengan tujuan memperoleh keuntungan sebesar-besarnya.

[sunting] Hedge funds

Hedge funds [11] [12] ( sebuah perusahaan investasi yang menjalankan kegiatan usaha transaksi spekulatif untuk mendapatkan keuntungan ) seperti misalnya George Soros[13] yang reputasinya naik disebabkan oleh kegiatan spekulasi mata uang yang dilakukannya secara agresif sejak tahun 1990. Ia mengelola dana triliunan US dollar dan masih bisa meminjam lagi triliunan US dollar dan oleh karenanya mampu membuat intervensi yang dilakukan oleh bank sentral suatu negara untuk menjaga nilai tukar mata uangnya menjadi tidak berdaya apabila fundamental ekonomi tergantung pada "belas kasihan" hedge funds.

[sunting] Pialang valuta asing

Pialang valuta asing adalah adalah perusahaan yang didirikan khusus untuk melakukan kegiatan jasa perantara bagi kepentingan nasabahnya di bidang pasar uang dengan memperoleh imbalan atas jasanya.[14] Menurut CNN, sebuah pialang valuta asing memiliki volume transaksi antara 25 hingga 50 triliun US dollar perharinya atau sekitar 2% dari keseluruhan nilai transaksi pasar valuta asing dan sebagaimana dilaporkan oleh situs Komisi Perdagangan Berjangka (Commodity Futures Trading Commission - CFTC) [15] bahwa investor pemula dengan mudah dapat menjadi sasaran penipuan dalam perdagangan valuta asing.

[sunting] Catatan kaki

1. ^ Wall Street Journal Europe (5/5/06, halaman 20)
2. ^ Foreign Exchange (October 2006), International Financial Services, London.
3. ^ over-the-counter-OTC
4. ^ en:Insider trading
5. ^ en:Bank for International Settlements
6. ^ FX Poll 2006: The Euromoney FX survey claims to be the pre-eminent poll of foreign exchange service providers. Halaman dibuka pada 19 Maret 2007
7. ^ istilah yang digunakan bagi para pedagang pada bursa valuta asing
8. ^ yaitu salah satu bentuk stuctured fund yaitu suatu Reksadana yang memiliki tujuan dan kebijakan investasi dengan struktur tertentu.
9. ^ en:forex trading
10. ^ en:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
11. ^ en:hedge funds
12. ^ Di Indonesia tidak ditemukan adanya padanan kata untuk istilah ini, dimana Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal, Bank Indonesia, Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan menggunakan istilah hedge funds
13. ^ en:George Soros
14. ^ Peraturan Bank Indonesia nomor 5/5/PBI/2003
15. ^ en:Commodity Futures Trading Commission

[sunting] Lihat pula

* Bursa berjangka
* Derivatif
* Bursa Berjangka Jakarta

by: Terry H Hill


An economic downturn is a phase of the business cycle in which the economy as a whole is in decline.This phase basically marks the end of the period of growth in the business cycle. Economic downturns are characterized by decreased levels of consumer purchases (especially of durable goods) and, subsequently, reduced levels of production by businesses.

While economic downturns are admittedly difficult, and are formidable obstacles to small businesses that are trying to survive and grow, an economic downturn can open up opportunities. A well-managed company can realize the opportunity to gain market share by taking customers away from their competitors. Resourceful entrepreneurs capture the available opportunities, from an economic downturn, by developing alternate methods of doing business that were never implemented during a prior growth period.

The challenge of successfully navigating your business through an economic downturn lies in the realignment of your business with current economic realities. Specifically, you, as the business owner, need to renew a focus on your core clients/customers, reduce your operating expenses, conserve cash, and manage more proactively, rather than reactively, is paramount.

Here are best practices that will help you to successfully navigate your business through an economic downturn:

Goals:

The primary goal of any business owner is to survive the current economic downturn and to develop a leaner, more cost-effective and more efficient operation. The secondary goal is to grow the business even during this current economic downturn.

Objectives:

• Conserve cash.

• Protect assets.

• Reduce costs.

• Improve efficiencies.

• Grow customer base.

Required Action:

• Do not panic… History shows that economic downturns do not last forever. Remain calm and act in a rational manner as you refocus your attention on resizing your company to the current economic conditions.

• Focus on what YOU can control… Don’t let the media's rhetoric concerning recessions and economic slowdown deter you from achieving business success. It´s a trap! Why? Because the condition of the economy is beyond your control. Surviving economic downturns requires a focus on what you can control, i.e. your relevant business activities.

• Communicate, communicate, and communicate! Beware of the pitfall of trying to do too much on your own. It is a difficult task indeed to survive and to grow your business solely with your own efforts. Solicit ideas and seek the help of other people (your employees, suppliers, lenders, customers, and advisors). Communicate honestly and consistently. Effective two-way communication is the key.

• Negotiate, negotiate, and negotiate! The value of a strong negotiation skill set cannot be overstated. Negotiating better deals and contracts is an absolute must for realigning and resizing your company to the current economic conditions. The key to success is not only knowing how to develop a win-win approach in negotiations with all parties, but also keeping in mind the fact that you want a favorable outcome for yourself too.

Recommended Best Practice Activities:

The Nuts and Bolts… The following list of recommended best practice activities is critical for your business' survival and for its growth during an economic downturn. The actual financial health of your particular business, at the outset of the economic downturn, will dictate the priority and urgency of the implementation of the following best practice activities.

1. Diligently monitor your cash flow: Forecast your cash flow monthly to ensure that expenses and planned expenditures are in line with accounts receivable. Include cash flow statements into your monthly financial reporting. Project cash requirements three-to- six months in advance. The key is to know how to monitor, protect, control, and put cash to work.

2. Carefully convert your inventories: Convert excess, obsolete, and slow-moving inventory items into cash. Consider returning excess and slow-moving items back to the suppliers. Close-out or inventory reduction sales work well to resize your inventory. Also, consider narrowing your product offerings. Well-timed order placement helps to reduce excess inventory levels and occasional material shortages. The key is to reduce the amount of your inventory without losing sales.

3. Timely collection of your accounts receivable: This asset should be converted to cash as quickly as possible. Offer prompt payment discounts to encourage timely payments. Make changes in the terms of sale for slow paying customers (i.e. changing net 30 day terms to COD). Invoicing is an important part of your cash flow management. The first rule of invoicing is to do it as soon as possible after products are shipped and/or after services are delivered. Place an emphasis on reducing billing errors. Most customers delay payments because an invoice had errors, and therefore, will not pay until they receive a corrected copy. Email or fax your invoices to save on mailing time. Post the payments that you have received and make deposits more frequently. The key is to develop an efficient collection system that generates timely payments and one that gives you advance warning of problems.

4. Re-focus your attention on your existing clients/customers: Make customer satisfaction your priority. A regular review of your customers' buying history and frequency of purchases can reveal some interesting facts about your customers' buying habits. Consider signing long-term contracts with your core clients/customers which will add to your security. Offer a discount for upfront cash payments. The key is to do what it takes to keep your current customers loyal.

5. Re-negotiate with your suppliers, lenders, and landlord:

i) Suppliers: Always keep your negotiations on the level of need, saying that your company has reviewed its cost structure and has determined that it needs to lower supplier costs. . Tell the supplier that you value the relationship you have developed, but that you need to receive a cost reduction immediately. Ask your supplier for a lower material price, a longer payment cycle, and the elimination of finance charges. Also, see if you can buy material from them on a consignment basis. In return for their price concessions, be willing to agree to a long-term contract. Explore the idea of bartering as a form of payment.

ii) Lenders: Everything in business finance is negotiable and your relationship with a bank is no exception. The first step to successful renegotiations is to convince your lenders that you can ultimately pay off the renegotiated loan. You must point out to your lenders why it would be in their best interest to agree to a new arrangement. Showing them your business plan and your action plan that includes your cost-savings initiatives, along with "the how" and "the when" of the implementation of your plan is the best way to achieve this goal. Explain to them that you will need their cooperation to insure that you can survive, as well as, grow your business during the economic downturn. Negotiated items include: the rate of interest, the required security to cover the loan, and the beginning date for repayment. A beginning date for repayment could be immediate, within several months or as long as a year. The key is to realize that your lender will work with you, but that frequent and continual communications with them is critical.

iii) Landlord: Meet with your landlord. Explain your need to have them extend the term of your lease at a reduced cost. Make sure you have a clause in the lease agreement that entitles you to have the right to sublet any or all of the leased space.

6. Re-evaluate your staffing requirements: This is a very critical area. Salaries/wages are a major expense of doing business. Therefore, any reduction in the hours worked through work schedule changes, short-term layoffs or permanent layoffs has an immediate cost saving benefit. Most companies ramped up hiring new employees in the good times, only to find that they are currently overstaffed due to slow sales during the economic downturn. In terms of down-sizing your staff, be very careful not to reduce your staff to a level that forces you to skimp on customer service and quality. Consider the use of part-timers or the current trend of outsourcing certain functions to independent contractors.

7. Shop for better insurances rates: Get quotations from other insurance agents for comparable coverage to determine whether or not your present insurance carrier is competitive. Also, consider revising your coverage to reduce premium costs. The key is to have the right balance-to be adequately insured, but not under or over insured.

8. Re-evaluate your advertising: Contrary to the other cost-cutting initiatives, evaluate the possibility of increasing your advertising expenditures. This tactic realizes the advantage of the reduced "noise" and congestion (fewer advertisers) in the marketplace. The downturn period a great opportunity to increase brand awareness and create additional demand for your product/service offerings.

9. Seek the help of outside advisors: The use of an advisory board comprised of your CPA, attorney, and business consultant offers you objectivity and provides you with professional advice and guidance. Their collective experience in working with similar situations in past economic downturns is invaluable.

10. Review your other expenses: Target an across-the-board cost-cutting initiative of 10-15%. Attempt to eliminate unnecessary expenses. Tightening your belt in order to weather the downturn makes practical, financial sense.

Proactively managing your business through an economic downturn is an enormous challenge and is critical for your survival. However, through well-planned initiatives, an economic downturn can create tremendous opportunity for your company to gain greater market share. In order to take advantage of this growth opportunity, you must act quickly to implement the above best business practices to continue realigning and resizing your company to the current economic conditions.

Copyright © 2008 Terry H. Hill

You may reprint this article free of charge in your newsletter, magazine, or on your website, provided that the article is unedited, and that the copyright, author's bio, and contact information below appears with each article. Articles appearing on the web must provide a hyperlink to the author's web site, http://www.legacyai.com

Terry H. Hill is the founder and managing partner of Legacy Associates, Inc, a business consulting and advisory services firm. A veteran chief executive, Terry works directly with business owners of privately held companies on the issues and challenges that they face in each stage of their business life cycle. To find out how he can help you take your business to the next level, visit his site at http://www.legacyai.com

To download a copy of this article, click on this link: http://www.legacyai.com/Article_Downturn.html.

17 Ways to Make Emailing More Approachable
By Scott Ginsberg Platinum Quality Author



Mix the medium. If the subject matter of your email is urgent, instead of emailing the person back, just pick up the phone and call! This is unexpected and usually appreciated.

2. Use enticing subject lines. If you want people to open your emails FIRST, consider titling your messages with phrases like, "I saw something that made me think of you..." and "Someone paid you a compliment yesterday." You could also use thought-provoking questions like, "Have you seen this article?" or "How many customers have you WOW'ed this week?

3. Email signature. You don't need an entire novel at the bottom of every message. However, including (some) information and maybe a teaser to encourage a visit to your website is a great way to add a sense of accessibility AND personality to your emails. Just have SOMETHING. An email without a signature is a like phone call without a message or a letter without a return address.

4. But, remember the Cavemen. Prehistoric hunters learned to respond to ANY movement out in the prairie because it represented a threat - either from a giant, hungry animal or from other hunters. Eons later, the human brain has now evolved to filter out unchanging backgrounds.

See, familiar structures lead to mental laziness; which means there's no need to pay attention. So, this relates to email in an interesting way: How often are you changing YOUR signature? Because after a while, people are just going to start ignoring it. Remember, the most effective way to attract people's attention is to BR - EAK their patterns.

5. Use mass emails sparingly. With the exception of major events like babies, job changes or health issues; or information updates like new phone numbers, locations or urgent memos, AVOID MASS ANYTHINGS. They annoy people. They get ignored. They get deleted.

6. Keep it real. Email will never beat face-to-face interaction. Still, you DO enhance the level of friendliness when you write in a conversational tone. Use simple words. Write short sentences. And don't be afraid to punctuate! Remember, if you write like you talk, people will listen. A good test is to read your emails aloud before sending. If it sounds like a training manual for a power plant, rewrite it.

7. Keep it H-U-M-A-N. Don't try to impress someone by thesaurusizing your email with terms you wouldn't use in person. It sounds diaphanous, limpid, and transpicuous.

8. Use Italics, Boldface and Punctuation! One of the pitfalls of emailing the inability to convey emotion. Often your correspondent won't understand if you are serious or kidding, happy or sad, frustrated or euphoric ... unless you are EXPRESSIVE! So, use italics bold, underline and the like to highlight key words that show the person exactly what you want to say. Otherwise, your opinions, statements and stories will be misinterpreted.

9. Exclamation points. When used effectively and sparingly, exclamation points are awesome! They completely alter the emotion of the sentence. So, don't be afraid to use them. On the other hand, you don't need one in every sentence! People will think you're on drugs! And they will freak out! Ahhh!!!!

10. Make it quick. The speed of the response IS the response. And the medium IS the message. So, even if you don't have the answer to a question or a problem right away, you can always drop a quick, one-line email that says, "Thanks for letting me know. I'm on it. Call ya this afternoon."

11. Filter. When someone sends you a four-page email loaded with NO line breaks and 48 questions and comments, here's how to handle it:

a. First, give it a quick once-over.

b. Next, go back and separate each section or question. (See, to make sure you address all of their concerns, you'll be turning your reply email into a numbered list.)

c. Introduce your list with something like, "Thanks for all of your feedback! I've written a response to each of your questions below..."

d. Then, boldface their original thought and write your response underneath. This type of response shows organization AND openness to ALL their ideas.

e. Finally, close with your signature.

12. Summary. Next time you have a detailed conversation with someone over the phone, suggest the following: "Hey Mark, I've been taking some notes on our conversation. Would you like me to email you a quick, bullet-point list of all the key points we've covered, just to make sure we're both on the same page?" 99 times out of 100, the person will not only gratefully accept, but also be WOW'ed by your listening ability. Not to mention, you'll have documentation of the conversation for future reference.

13. Email introductions. This is a GREAT practice for bringing two people together that should meet, have something in common or can help each other. A few tips for an effective email introduction are:

a. Give a short background on each person.

b. Reference your relationship with each person.

c. Provide phone numbers, websites and email addresses.

d. Keep it short, casual and friendly.

e. Stress the idea of they can help each other or that you think they'd get along great.

14. Frequency. If you're one of the Brave Souls who sets a boundary to only check your email a few times a day, good for you. Way to (not) be addicted to your Crackberry! Just remember, accessibility is still important. So, in your email signature, consider letting people know about your new emailing-checking schedule. You may also want to include a number where people can either contact you or someone else who can help them in your e-absence.

15. Fun with From. The "from" line is a PERFECT, yet underused hot spot for the of stamp your personal brand. Let's say you're known as "The Tax Law Queen." Great! Put that instead of karen@taxlaw4u.com. It's guaranteed to stand out among the hundreds of emails in your recipients' inboxes, and probably get read first.

16. Architecture. The human attention span is about six seconds. First impressions occur in less than two seconds. And people receive hundreds of emails a day. So, if you want people to actually READ your letters, the secret is to make your writing easy, quick, fun, approachable and, most importantly, digestible. I call this architecture. And it's defined as, "The creative design and page presentation of a piece of writing." For example:

o Make it bold.
o Make it a list.
o Make it italic.
o Make it chunky.
o Make it shorter.
o Make it ALL CAPS.
o Make it underlined.
o Make it b-r-o-k-e-n.
o Make it one word long.
o Make it one sentence long.
o Make it centered on the page.
o Make it bold AND underlined.

Ultimately, if your writing is laborious to get through, readers will just move onto the next email. Besides, people are probably doing three other things while reading your stuff. So, the minute your page presentation starts to bore them, they'll probably move on.

17. Email less often. There's no need to send piles of emails to your clients, customers and prospects constantly. Once or twice is enough. Any more than that, they'll either think you don't trust them, think you don't have a life or think you're desperate. (But in all cases, they'll be annoyed.)

See, whenever someone's ready to take the next step - to follow up WITH or open up TO you - they'll do it because THEY want to. Not because you emailed them (again) just to "follow up," "see if they have any further questions" or "check in to see how it's coming along." Easy, Dilbert. They heard you the first time. Have a little faith. When they want you, they'll find you. Patience.

LET ME ASK YA THIS...

Is your email smiling?

LET ME SUGGEST THIS...

For the list called, "23 Ways to Make Your Fans Super Happy," send an email to me, and I'll send you the list for free!

© 2007 All Rights Reserved.
Scott Ginsberg, aka "The Nametag Guy," is an author, speaker, award-winning blogger and entrepreneur. As the creator of NametagTV.com, he teaches people how to GET noticed, GET remembered and GET business. To rent Scott's brain, call 314/256-1800 or email scott@hellomynameisscott.com.

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